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The standard groups as set up by the installation process (this is essentially the default the /etc/group file).
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System groups are groups with GID less then 100 (this is a distribution defined limit; in some distributions it set higher to 500 (yolinux). They are reserved for user IDs employed by the operating system or its services. Generally the concept of system groups is similar to the concept of privileged ports. Similar partitioning of numberic space is used for system accounts. See System Accounts and UID policy
Some of them such as bin, daemon, sys, adm are used just for partitioning of the ownership space. The others such as root and wheel are used to provide additional access capabilities. For example you can limit the ability to change your identity to root via su to the members of wheel group.
BSD Unix invented wheel group as a special system group for users who can assume the role of root (switch to root using su or sudo). AIX has similar notion of sugroups. Solaris has sysadmin group (group 14) that is allowed to change permissions of files that user does no own. Generally Solaris 10 RBAC permits much flexible arrangement then wheel group and can be considered as a generalization of this concept. In Linux wheel group is typically controlled by PAM. See Wheel Group
System groups are subset of a larger set called standard groups. Those are groups created by particular distribution installer if you install all packages ("everything"). Here is how RHEL defines them in the manual
Table 32.5, “Standard Groups” lists the standard groups configured by an Everything installation. Groups are stored in the
/etc/groupfile.Table 32.5. Standard Groups
Group GID Members root 0 root bin 1 root, bin, daemon daemon 2 root, bin, daemon sys 3 root, bin, adm adm 4 root, adm, daemon tty 5 disk 6 root lp 7 daemon, lp mem 8 kmem 9 wheel 10 root 12 mail, postfix, exim news 13 news uucp 14 uucp man 15 games 20 gopher 30 dip 40 ftp 50 lock 54 nobody 99 users 100 rpm 37 utmp 22 floppy 19 vcsa 69 dbus 81 ntp 38 canna 39 nscd 28 rpc 32 postdrop 90 postfix 89 mailman 41 exim 93 named 25 postgres 26 sshd 74 rpcuser 29 nfsnobody 65534 pvm 24 apache 48 xfs 43 gdm 42 htt 101 mysql 27 webalizer 67 mailnull 47 smmsp 51 squid 23 ldap 55 netdump 34 pcap 77 quaggavt 102 quagga 92 radvd 75 slocate 21 wnn 49 dovecot 97 radiusd 95
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Some UID numbers are assigned to system accounts during the installation of the operating system. What numbers are assigned to what accounts will vary between types of Unix. Some typical system accounts and UID's are listed below.
For IRIX:
- UID 0 root, sysadm, diag
- UID 1 daemon
- UID 2 bin
- UID 3 uucp
- UID 4 sys
- UID 5 adm
For Solaris:
- UID 0 root, smtp
- UID 1 daemon
- UID 2 bin
- UID 3 sys
- UID 4 adm
- UID 5 uucp
For HP-UX:
- UID 0 root
- UID 1 daemon
- UID 2 bin
- UID 3 sys
- UID 4 adm
- UID 5 uucp
It is recommended that UID numbers not be reused, even if the user has left the system. If system files are ever restored from tape reusing UID numbers can cause problems as users are identified by UID number on tape.
... ... ...
GID's, like UID's, must be distinct integers between 0 and 32767. GID's of less then 10 are reserved for system groups. These default GID's are assigned during the installation of the operating system. Typical system groups and GID's are listed below.
For IRIX
- GID 0 sys, root
- GID 1 daemon
- GID 2 bin
- GID 3 adm
- GID 4 mail
- GID 5 uucp
- GID 20 user
For Solaris:
- GID 0 root
- GID 1 other
- GID 2 bin
- GID 3 sys
- GID 4 adm
- GID 5 uucp
- GID 6 mail
- GID 12 daemon
For HP-UX:
- GID 0 root
- GID 1 other
- GID 2 bin
- GID 3 sys
- GID 4 adm
- GID 5 uucp
- GID 6 mail
- GID 20 users
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