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jpsdomain.org NAT & Private IP Address Ranges
An IP (Internet Protocol) Address is a 32-bit number broken up into "quads" of 1 byte each, separated by dots. 1 byte is 8 bits which in decimal is a number in the range 0 to 255. For example, 10.234.56.71 is an IP Address. There are only so many "real" IP addresses, and they are (and have been) perpetually very close to being used up and thus are very difficult to get.
One of the solutions to this problem is so-called "private" IP Addresses. These are ranges of IP Addresses set aside expressly for use by a company or other entity internally. Private IP Addresses cannot be used to connect directly to the Internet--that is they are non-routable. These are also often called RFC1918 addresses.
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You use a Private IP Address when you wish to use TCP/IP on your LAN, but do not wish to try and register enough legal or legitimate addresses for all your devices. Even if you do wish to get than many, you will not. Essentially all valid IP addresses are already owned, either by very large corporations (like AT&T) or by ISPs. When you contract for service from an ISP, you are allocated some number of legitimate IP Addresses out of that ISP’s pool of addresses.
See also my SOHO Information Security and Typical Home Network Designs pages.
This is the "classic" RFC1918.
| Class | From | To | CIDR Mask | Decimal Mask |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Class "A" or 24 Bit | 10.0.0.0 | 10.255.255.255 | /8 | 255.0.0.0 |
| Class "B" or 20 Bit | 172.16.0.0 | 172.31.255.255 | /12 (or more typically /16) | 255.240.0.0 (or 255.255.0.0) |
| Class "C" or 16 Bit | 192.168.0.0 | 192.168.255.255 | /16 (or more typically /24) | 255.255.0.0 (or 255.255.255.0) |
The following is adapted from this comment associated with RFC1918 and RFC3330. See also the Bogon List.
| Class/Type | From | To | CIDR Mask | Decimal Mask |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Broadcast/This Net [RFC1700] | 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 |
N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Null | 0.0.0.1 | 0.255.255.255 | /8 | 255.0.0.0 |
| Public-Data Networks [RFC1700] | 14.0.0.0 | 14.255.255.255 | /8 | 255.0.0.0 |
| Cable Television Networks | 24.0.0.0 | 24.255.255.255 | /8 | 255.0.0.0 |
| Loopback [RFC1700] | 127.0.0.0 | 127.255.255 | /8 | 255.0.0.0 |
| Local-Link (for auto-DHCP) | 169.254.0.0 | 169.254.255.255 | /16 | 255.255.0.0 |
| Testnet addresses (for tests only) | 192.0.2.0 | 192.0.2.255 | /24 | 255.255.255.0 |
| 6to4 Relay Anycast [RFC3068] | 192.88.99.0 | 192.88.99.255 | /24 | 255.255.255.0 |
| Network Interconnect/Testing [RFC2544] | 198.18.0.0 | 198.19.255.255 | /15 (supernet) | 255.254.0.0 |
| Class "D" (IPv4 multicast) [RFC3171] | 224.0.0.0 | 239.255.255.255 | /4 (supernet) | 240.0.0.0 |
| Class "E" (don't use) | 240.0.0.0 | 247.255.255 | /4 (supernet) | 240.0.0.0 |
NAT, AKA IP Masquerading, is the process by which a "private," "illegal," and non-routable IP Address is translated into a "legal," routable address. There are two kinds of NAT, often called static NAT and Hide NAT. Static NAT provides a one to one correlation between the illegal private address and the legal routable one. For example, the Web Server on 192.168.1.10 may be statically mapped to 39.136.195.47. Hide NAT is a many to one arrangement where the many illegal addresses behind some device appear to the Internet as one single address (often the legal address of the device itself). For example, the entire 172.25.1.0 network may hide behind the single valid IP address of the device at 38.111.56.96.
There are three devices that typically perform NAT. They are routers, firewalls and proxy servers.
In hide mode, the external address of the NAT device "hides" most or all outgoing connections. To the Internet, it seems that all traffic originates from this single address, when it really comes from all different machines on the internal network. The traffic is differentiated at the NAT device by a table of port numbers. For example, the port used for Web Surfing is port 80 (http). If a client computer at 192.168.1.37 surfs to www.dell.com, the NAT device may assign that to port 20,134. When the response comes back, the firewall knows that anything directed to port 20,134 really goes to the client at 192.168.1.37. That way, more than one person can surf at the same time, using the same external IP address, but everything goes to the correct person.
In static mode, there is a one to one correlation between internal (illegal, non-routable) and external (legal, routable) addresses. The must be the case if you wish top have an E-Mail server, Web server or any other service that is accessible from the Internet. DNS (Domain Name Service) published the IP Addresses of server (or services) that are accessible. These published addresses must be legal, and routable. The IP network of addresses available for this use is termed the "moat" network, below. A typical "moat" network looks like this:
| IP Address | Description |
|---|---|
| 209.146.2.40 | Network Name |
| 209.146.2.41 | Available IP Address (usually assigned to the internal router interface) |
| 209.146.2.42 | Available IP Address (usually assigned to the external firewall interface) |
| 209.146.2.43 | Available IP Address (may be Web server?) |
| 209.146.2.44 | Available IP Address (may be E-Mail server?) |
| 209.146.2.45 | Available IP Address |
| 209.146.2.46 | Available IP Address |
| 209.146.2.47 | Broadcast Address |
A very interesting thing happens with static NAT, however. Since the router is at IP address 209.146.2.41, when it sees a packet destined for 209.146.2.43, it "arps" for the Web server. Since the router knows that it is on network 209.146.2.40/29 and the Web server address is 209.146.2.43 they should be on the same network. But they really aren’t. So when the router "arps" (uses the Address Resolution Protocol to find the Web server), the Web server will not answer, since it is really on network 192.168.1.0/24. To solve this problem, devices that perform static NAT also perform "proxy arp".
Any device configured to do static NAT has a list of servers it will "answer for" when it hears an arp request. IT will essentially lie and say, "yes, I am that server, please send me the packet." When it get the packet, it forwards it to the real server.
A very common small business-class (as opposed to home use) Internet connection looks like this following:
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Re:A router routes packets. (Score:5,
Informative) by mad flyer (589291) on Monday January 17, @11:17PM (#11392113) |
| Technically it's more PAT (port address translation) rather
than NAT (network address translation).
On cisco it's also the "nat overload". NAT leave you somewhat vulnerable it's a mapping address for address (many to many). Don't feel secure with NAT without firewalling. PAT is much more closed (many to one). It's also true that everyone say NAT when they do PAT. |
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