Best OS Internals, Algorithms and Design Books

At the center of the UNIX onion is a program called the kernel. Although you are unlikely to deal with the kernel directly, it is absolutely crucial to the operation of the UNIX system.

The kernel provides the essential services that make up the heart of UNIX systems; it allocates memory, keeps track of the physical location of files on the computer's hard disks, loads and executes binary programs such as shells, and schedules the task swapping without which UNIX systems would be incapable of doing more than one thing at a time. The kernel accomplishes all these tasks by providing an interface between the other programs running under its control and the physical hardware of the computer; this interface, the system call interface, effectively insulates the other programs on the UNIX system from the complexities of the computer.

For example, when a running program needs access to a file, it cannot simply open the file; instead it issues a system call which asks the kernel to open the file. The kernel takes over and handles the request, then notifies the program whether the request succeeded or failed. To read data in from the file takes another system call; the kernel determines whether or not the request is valid, and if it is, the kernel reads the required block of data and passes it back to the program. Unlike DOS (and some other operating systems), UNIX system programs do not have access to the physical hardware of the computer. All they see are the kernel services, provided by the system call interface.

The system call interface is an example of an API, or application programming interface. An API is a set of system calls with strictly defined parameters, which allow an application (or other program) to request access to a service; it literally acts as an interface. (For example, a large database system might provide an API that allows programmers to write external programs that request services from the database.)

1978 IBM poster explaining virtual memory

• If it's there and you can see it--it's real
• If it's not there and you can see it--it's virtual
• If it's there and you can't see it--it's transparent
• If it's not there and you can't see it--you erased it!

The most interesting thing about Linux kernel is that this a classic example of  a technical system that is incomprehensible to a single human, no matter how talented he/she is, including all kernel developers. 

Only simplified forms can be fully comprehended. That substantially increases the value of older versions of Unix, which, thanks god, are still available in source form.   That's why one classic book in this field remains Lions' Commentary on Unix : With Source Code. Some facts about this unusual (and very difficult to read and comprehend) book:

• The most famous suppressed book in computer history (20 years, I think)
• Named 1996 Book of the Year" by Unix Review "After years of suppression (as trade secrets) by various owners of the UNIX code, this tome has been re-released, and we owe a debt to all involved in making this happen. I consider this to be the single most important book of 1996." -- Unix Review, June 1997
• "After 20 years, this is still the best exposition of the workings of a 'real' operating system." -- Ken Thompson, 1996

NEWS CONTENTS

• 20030103 : UNIX Filesystems Evolution, Design, and Implementation by Steve D. Pate ( UNIX Filesystems Evolution, Design, and Implementation, Jan 3, 2003 )
• 20010615 : "Operating Systems Handbook" ( June 15, 2001 )
• 20010615 : Linux Core Kernel Commentary ( Linux Core Kernel Commentary, )
• 20010615 : Operating Systems : A Modern Perspective by Gary J. Nutt / Hardcover / Published 1997 ( Operating Systems : A Modern Perspective, )
• 20010615 : Understanding Operating Systems by Ida M. Flynn, Ann McIver McHoes / Paperback / Published 1997 ( Understanding Operating Systems, )
• 20010615 : Operating Systems Programming : The Sr Programming Language by Stephen J. Hartley / Paperback / Published 1995 ( Operating Systems Programming : The Sr Programming Language, )

Old News ;-)

[Jan 3, 2003] UNIX Filesystems Evolution, Design, and Implementation by Steve D. Pate

• Paperback: 443 pages ; Dimensions (in inches): 1.05 x 9.20 x 7.40
• Publisher: John Wiley & Sons; 1 edition (January 3, 2003)
• ISBN: 0471164836 | All Editions

A reader from Dallas, Tx

Finally, a decent book on filesystems!, January 25, 2003

Finally, a book that describes all the major UNIX file systems!

In an eloquent writing style, Steve Pate has put together the best book on file systems. It is the first book to describe the internals of one of the most important of the commercial file systems: the Veritas File System (VxFS).

The book starts out with a concise history of UNIX and UNIX variants and some file system basics before diving into programming topics.

The middle chapters discuss the UNIX/File System internals in a clear and easy to read manner. My favorite chapter was Chapter 9, a detailed look at VxFS!

The later chapters describe kernel locking primitives used by file systems, pseudo file systems, and finally chapters 12 and 13 do a nice job covering file system backups and cluster /distributed file systems. As an added bonus, you actually get to design a file system for gnu/linux! Steve Pate does a creditable job showing what it takes to write a simple file system.

No matter if you are a programmer, system administrator or IT professional, this book as something for you. No other book even comes close to the depth that "UNIX Filesystems" provides.

The only negative points I had with "UNIX Filesystems" was that it was not printed in hardback form and the paper quality is poor. Shame on you, Wiley!

[June 15, 2001] "Operating Systems Handbook"

is now available for free as a collection of Acrobat files. See www.snee.com/bob/opsys.html.

Linux Core Kernel Commentary -- Scott A. Maxwell; Paperback

Our Price: $31.99
You Save: $8.00 (20%) Availability: Usually ships within 24 hours.

Paperback - 575 pages Bk&Cd Rom edition (October 20, 1999)
The Coriolis Group; ISBN: 1576104699 ; Dimensions (in inches): 1.70 x 8.37 x 11.04
Amazon.com Sales Rank: 19,951
Avg. Customer Review:
Number of Reviews: 5

ERCB Linux Core Kernel Commentary

The biggest single drawback to Linux Core Kernel Commentary is how little of Linux it covers, out of necessity. (The book is already thick and oversized, even by computer book standards.) As Maxwell points out on page 441, about 39,000 lines of code are presented in the book, chosen from over 1.7M lines in the 2.2.5 kernel.

Even taking into account the platform-specific parts of the kernel, which are understandable omissions, this still pushes out some of the most interesting and visible parts of Linux, such as I/O and command shells. Other areas of interest that aren't part of the kernel (such as X and device drivers) aren't covered, but would presumably make good topics for other volumes.

Even though Maxwell does an excellent job with many different concepts and countless details, the book still suffers just slightly from myopia. There's simply so much detail about the trees, even this small subset of them, that there's not much room for a description of the forest.

Operating Systems : A Modern Perspective by Gary J. Nutt / Hardcover / Published 1997

Understanding Operating Systems by Ida M. Flynn, Ann McIver McHoes / Paperback / Published 1997

Operating Systems Programming : The Sr Programming Language by Stephen J. Hartley / Paperback / Published 1995

Recommended Introductory Books

The Linux Kernel Book by Remy Card

****Despite its Linux-oriented title this is a very good introductory OS concepts book. It covers almost all necessary for the introductory OS course concepts and provides a lot of insights into the real operating system. I bought the very first printing of the book. This a bad translation from French, so there are a lot of errors that probably were corrected in later printings. Anyway the translation errors probably are more distracting for native English speakers that for me as a foreigner. For me they are sometimes annoying, but do not hamper much this very well organized book that contains a wealth of information about Linux and simultaneously about all Unix-type systems. Highly recommended.

Remy Card is a well known Linux personality (he worked with Linus Torvalds on several Minix tools) actively involved with the port of the 4.4BSD dump and restore backup suite and ext2f filesystem. See for example the slides which he prepared for the 3rd International Linux Conference in Berlin ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu:/pub/linux/packages/ext2fs/slides/berlin96 Four sets of slides are available: two-up slides on quotas, one-up slides on quotas, two-up slides on ACL's, and one-up slides on ACL's.

Here are some programs that he wrote for ext2f:

• badblocks: a new bad blocks checker. It can be run by the super user to search for bad blocks on a device and can also be called by e2fsck and mke2fs.

• dumpe2fs: a new program which displays the control structure of a file system. To understand the output of this program, one needs to know the physical structure of a second extended file system.

• mklost+found: re-creates a lost+found directory if it has been deleted.

• tune2fs: adjusts tunable paramaters on a file system.

• chattr: changes files attributes and version.

• lsattr: lists files attributes and version.

Paperback / Published 1998

Mini Review

Table of Contents

• General Overview.
• Development with Linux.
• Processes.
• Signals.
• Filesystems.
• Input/Output.
• Memory Management.
• POSIX Terminals.
• Communication by Pipes.
• IPC System V.
• Loadable Modules.
• System Administration.
• Appendices.
• References.
• Index.

Lions' Commentary on UNIX 6th Edition, with Source Code by John Lions

***** The most famous suppressed book in computer history -- finally in print!

• Named 1996 Book of the Year" by Unix Review "After years of suppression (as trade secrets) by various owners of the UNIX code, this tome has been re-released, and we owe a debt to all involved in making this happen. I consider this to be the single most important book of 1996." -- Unix Review, June 1997
• "After 20 years, this is still the best expostion of the workings of a 'real' operating system." -- Ken Thompson, 1996

Operating Systems : Internals and Design Principles by William Stallings

***+ Newer and probably somewhat better than Silberschatz and Galvin textbook. Still leave the reader cold and contains a lot of material that currently is not relevant to the topic. Initially was very expensive ($65) but now is a regular junk book. Covers more modern concepts that SG book(see below), provides good pseudocode, seems to have good writing, and can serve as a reference when the term is over. Winner of the 1998 Texty Award for the best Computer Science and Engineering textbook, awarded by the Text and Academic Authors Association, Inc.

Hardcover / Published 1997 - 3-d edition

• Author Homepage
  • Who is Bill Stallings?
• Prentice Hall page

Instructors that use the book:

• CMPSC 170 Operating Systems. Taught at University of California, Santa Barbara. Contains an excellent set of lecture notes.
• CSCI 4540 Operating Systems. Taught at University of North Texas. Contains lecture notes, sample exams, and some useful links.
• CS 376 -- Operating Systems. Taught at University of Missouri - St. Louis. Includes a good set of lecture notes in Postscript.
• CS570 Operating Systems. Taught at San Diego State University.
• CS411. Taught at University of South Carolina.
• CS 421 Intro to Operating Systems. Taught at State University of New York at Buffalo. Contains project and research assignments.
• CS4500 Operating Systems. Contains some interesting programming assignments.
• CS58 Intro to Operating Systems. Taught at Dartmouth.

From Prentiss Hall page:

Winner of the 1998 Texty Award for the best Computer Science and Engineering Textbook, which is given by the Text and Academic Authors Association!
Blending up-to-date theory with modern applications, this book offers a comprehensive treatment of operating systems with an emphasis on internals and design issues. A complete instructor's support package is available on-line at: http://www1.shore.net/nws/

Are you interested in an operating systems text that uses windows NT and Solaris as running case studies?

• The use of Windows NT, UNIX SVR4, and Solaris 2.x as running case studies through the book motivates the material and enhances understanding.
• Expanded treatment of multithreading and object-oriented design, together with new coverage of microkernels, SMP, and clusters.
• Provides a solid understanding of the key mechanisms of operating systems and the types of design trade-offs and decisions.
• A broad and unified treatment of distributed operating systems thoroughly covers this area of increasing importance, including process and thread migration, distributed file systems, mutual exclusion and deadlock, and clusters.
• Solid treatment of virtual memory, concurrency, scheduling, I/O, and file systems.
• Includes a new appendix on operating systems .

Instructor Support

Web site at http://www.shore.net/~ws/OS3e projects with NACHOS, OSP, BACI that includes:

• PDF transparencies of figures and tables from the book
• a complete set of Powerpoint slides to be used for lecturing or course handout
• several online programming projects, links to relevant web sites, and links to web sites set up by other instructors using the book.

TOC.

I. BACKGROUND.

1. Computer System Overview.
2. Operating System Overview.

II. PROCESSES.

3. Process Description and Control.
4. Threads, SMP, and Microkernels.
5. Concurrency,: Mutual Exclusion, and Synchronization.
6. Concurrency: Deadlock and Starvation.

III. MEMORY.

7. Memory Management.
8. Virtual Memory.

IV. SCHEDULING.

9. Uniprocessor Scheduling.
10. Multiprocessor and Real-Time Scheduling.

V. INPUT/OUTPUT AND FILES.

11. I/O Management and Disk Scheduling.
12. File Management.

VI. DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS.

13. Distributed Processing, Client/Server, and Clusters.
14. Distributed Process Management.

VII. SECURITY.

15. Security.
Appendix A. Queuing Analysis.
Appendix B. Object-Oriented Design.
Appendix C. Programming and Operating System Projects.
Appendix D. OSP: An Environment for Operating System Projects.
Appendix E. BACI: The Ben-Ari Concurrent Programming System.
Glossary.
References.
Index.

Operating System Concepts by Abraham Silberschatz, Peter Baer Galvin

*** Good exercises. Very uneven, sometimes outdated and poorly organized text. Mainly obsolete bibliography without any html references. Approximately half of the chapters are obsolete. A dinosaur mascot at the beginning of each chapter is a relevant warning ;-)

This is the fifth edition. The first one was in 1991 and patches are visible in the text. The age of the book is now evident in each and every chapter. It looks like the text needs complete rewriting, not just new edition patches. Despite all this AFAK this book is probably most popular book for US university courses, although I personally find it dull. I suspect many students will hate the course and all OSes after using it :-).

The content is mainly text with very few programs, so the book can be classified as "theory approach" book (compare with "example approach" ). Book contains useful exercises after each chapter -- important plus for the textbook. Slides for the the course are also available, but due to faults in the book organization an instructor probably will be better creating his/her own slides. Sometimes theory is rather incomplete and it look like none of the authors have first hand experience on the subject. The book does contain an excellent overview of Linux -- chapter 22 is probably one of the best in the book. At the same time the book contains superficial and uncritical chapter on NT.

Hardcover / November 1997/ 888 pages

Some comments on chapters.

• Chapters 1-3 are not impressive. Most material is outdated. Presentation is dull.
• Ch. 4 (Processes) covers the subject but does not cover any important details. General diagram of process states given, but no explanation of differences in real operating systems (Unux, NT) was given. No mention of zomby processes. All biblographic references are more than five years old (pre 93). Good set of questions thou.
• Ch. 5 (CPU scheduling) is decent
• Chapters 10-17 are extremely weak. Moreover they are very poorly organized. IMHO only chapters 4-9 and 21-22 can be considered decent, but even for them a dynosource mascot at the beginning of each chapter is a relevant warning ;-)

Coverage of Linux is better in the latest edition (Chapter 22 is very good, one of the best in the book. It was derived from unpublished manuscript by Stephen Tweedie). The book also contain one (superficial and uncritical) chapter on NT.

The first author write books mainly about database systems (see Database System Concepts -- also in many editions). The second author had wrote only one additional book -- Using UNIX With CDROM. At least he is a Unix guy, not database academician :-).

There should be better books on the subject. An interested reader may try Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles by William Stallings (more recent -- first published in 1995, third edition was published 1997; used in a dozen of American universities; it won a major prize recently) or Operating Systems A Design-Oriented Approach by Charles Crowley (also published in 1997; used in Florida State University and The University of New Mexico). It contains code for an example operating system written by the author, so the author probably at least partially know what he is writing about ;-). See his Web-page at http://www.cs.unm.edu/~crowley/osbook/begin.html for additional details. BTW he is a TCL guru and authored one book on TCL. Disclaimer: I am in no way connected with any of the authors of two books mentioned above.

• Table of content
• 0-201-59113-8 - Operating Systems Concepts Fifth Edition -- publisher web page for the book;
• PDF form -- slides;
• Operating System Concepts -- author support pages;
• Links to other OSC Web pages -- universities that are using the book;
• Nachos
• UC Santa Cruz CMP 111 Nachos Introduction
• CS 162 -- a sample course based on the book

Operating Systems : A Design-Oriented Approach by Charles Crowley

There have always been two approaches to teaching Operating Systems concepts:

• theory approach, which concentrates on the basic conceptual issues and algothims in the design of operating systems. Textbook is mainly text and diagrams with little code.

• The second approach is the case study method which concentrates on an example operating system that is simple, but complete. The example books contain a lot of code and spend a lot of pages explaining the code in detail.

There are advantages and disadvantages to both approaches. Some people feel the ideal situation is to take both classes, but this is rarely possible in an already crowded computer science curriculum so one is required to make a choice. The author have tried a middle course. This book is basically a concepts oriented book with more code than is usual. Seeing actual code allows the students to understand the concepts more deeply, feel more comfortable about the material, and ask questions they wouldn't have thought to ask in a purely concepts oriented course. The code does not comprise a complete operating system however and it as simple as possible in order to reduce the number of pages devoted to explaining it.

See the author home page: Operating Systems A Design-Oriented Approach by Charles Crowley (University of New Mexico)

Used in Florida State University: COP 4610 - Introduction to Operating Systems

Hardcover / Published 1997

Minux based courses

Operating Systems : Design and Implementation by Andrew S. Tanenbaum

Book includes Minix source. That makes books as close to classic as one can get.

Hardcover / Published 1997

Andrew S. Tanenbaum is a well known author of several popular CS books including:

• Computer Networks 1996
• Distributed Operating Systems
• Modern Operating Systems 1992
• Structured Computer Organization 1990
• Computer Networks
• Operating Systems : Design and Implementation (Prentice-Hall Software Series) 1987

Design of the Unix Operating System by Marice J. Bach

Classic -- was used by Linus Torvalds for reengineering Unix kernel.

Hardcover / Published 1986

The Design and Implementation of the 4.4BSD Operating System (Unix and Open Systems Series.)

Marshall Kirk McKusick (Editor), et al / Hardcover / Published 1996

Unix Internals : A Practical Approach

Steve D. Pate /Addison-Wesley Hardcover / Published 1996

SCO oriented

The Magic Garden Explained : The Internals of Unix System V Release 4 : An Open Systems Design by Berny Goodheart, James Cox / Paperback / Published 1994

**** Complete algorithms (in pseudo code) provide a glimpse into the elegance of the OS.

Linux Kernel Internals by Michael Beck (Editor), et al / Paperback / Published 1997

Unix Internals : A Systems Operations Handbook by Myril Clement Shaw, Susan Soltis Shaw / Published 1987

Unix Systems Calls

Advanced Unix Programming by Marc J. Rochkind

Rochkind86 is a very good book that really teach Unix system calls. Although published in 1986 is still relevant. Recommended

Paperback / Published 1986

Unix System Architecture by Prabhat K. Andleigh, Prabhat Andleigh

Paperback / Published 1989

Advanced Programming in the Unix Environment by W. Richard Stevens

Classic book

Hardcover / Published 1992
Read more about this title...

Advanced Topics in Unix by Ronald J. Leach

Paperback / Published 1994
Read more about this title...

Device Drivers

Both books below are probably obsolete with the introduction if Unix Universal Driver Model by Intel

Writing Unix Device Drivers by George Pajari

Paperback / Published 1992

Linux Device Drivers by Alessandro Rubin

O'Relly Paparback / Published 1998

Old Books (published before 1995)

1994

The Operating Systems Handbook : Unix, Openvms, Os/400, Vm, and MVS e-text is now available as a collection of Acrobat
files from www.snee.com/bob/opsys.html.

Bob Ducharme / Hardcover / Published 1994

1993

Introduction to Operating Systems

William A. Shay / Hardcover / Published 1993

P.S. to Operating Systems

Larry Dowdy, Craig Lowery / Paperback / Published 1993

Fundamentals of Operating Systems

A.M. Lister, R.D. Eager / Paperback / Published 1993

Operating Systems : Bridging the Gap Between Hardware and User

Joachim Heusler (Editor) / Hardcover / Published 1993

Operating Systems : A Practical Approach

Robert Switzer / Paperback / Published 1993

1992

Operating Systems : A Systematic View

William S. Davis / Hardcover / Published 1992

Operating Systems : Concepts and Design

Milan Milenkovic / Hardcover / Published 1992

1990

Principles of Operating Systems

Sacha Krakowiak, et al / Paperback / Published 1990

1980-1990

An Introduction to Operating Systems

Harvey M. Deitel / Hardcover / Published 1989

D. Comer, Operating System Design: The XINU Approach, Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1984.

L. Bic & A. C. Shaw, The Logical Design of Operating Systems,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1988.

Fundamentals of Operating Systems

Andrew M. Lister / Paperback / Published 1985

Operating Systems

Harold Lorin / Hardcover / Published 1980

Operating Systems : Advanced Concepts

Mamoru Maekawa, et al / Hardcover / Published 1987

Operating Systems : Structures and Mechanisms

Philippe Janson / Hardcover / Published 1985

Operating Systems Theory and Practice

Paul Massie / Hardcover / Published 1987

Operating Systems Through Unix

Glyn Emery / Paperback / Published 1985

A Practical Course on Operating Systems

Colin J. Theaker, Graham R. Brookes / Paperback / Published 1983

Earlier than 1980

Operating Systems

Stuart Madnick, John J. Donovan / Hardcover / Published 1974 -- one of the best book on OS construction I ever read. System 370 oriented.

Etc

Debugging with Gdb The GNU Source-Level Debugger for Version 4.17

Etc

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